By S. N. Cenk Buyukunal and Nil Sari*
The author of one of the earliest surgical books was Serafeddin Sabuncuoglu, who was born in one of the ancient cities of Central Anatolia. In 1465, he wrote a surgical book in Turkish. The aim of this study was to investigate the details of this book and compare it with the old classics. It was observed that the book of Sabuncuoglu did not contain only pictures or miniatures of paediatric surgical procedures, but there were many important and major new contributions to the surgical literature originally described by Sabuncuoglu himself. He based his contributions and techniques on formerly designed and described procedures, moreover, developing and nourishing paediatric surgical culture of that era. Thus a combination of Greek, Roman, Arabic, and Turkish paediatric surgery combined extraordinarily and influenced the development of European paediatric surgery.
Despite the rapid growth and dissemination of paediatric surgical knowledge, the historical aspect of paediatric surgery still has not been systematically explored. The author of one of the earliest surgical textbook was Serafeddin Sabuncuoglu, who was born in Amasya in the Northern part of Central Anatolia and practiced in an Amasya hospital for 14 years. In 1465, he wrote his original textbook. Cerrahiye-i Ilhaniye, in Turkish, describing surgical techniques, incisions and instruments. This book also contained many miniature drawings concerning the operative procedures. Some parts of this textbook include theoretical and practical points about paediatric surgery.[1]
In 1983, during the meeting of the Greek Association of Paediatric Surgeons in Chios, Montagnani of Rome it was declared that Sabuncuoglu made only a faithful translation of Abû Kâsim Al-Zahravî's[2] (Albucasis) Textbook of Surgery, the only additions being the miniatures designed by the surgical techniques.[3] In earlier times, there had been only two or three sources as reference books on surgery. Abû Kâsim Al-Zahravî's book was one of these source books.[4] Even minor additions to such a book were an important step for surgical literature. To investigate the differences and original aspects of Sabuncuoglu's textbook, we explored it and compared it with Zahravî's original text and translation of ancient surgical textbooks.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
There are three original, handwritten copies of Sabuncuoglu's book. Two of these copies are in Istanbul, in the Istanbul National Library of Fatih and Capa Medical History Department of Istanbul University. The third is in the Paris National Library.[5] Cerrahiye-i Ilhaniye includes four major parts: Cauterisation Techniques: General Surgery including Paediatric and Plastic Surgery; Orthopaedics; and Medical Preparations innovated by Sabuncuoglu." The three different manuscripts of the book were translated into the modern Turkish language and compared with Zahravî's textbook and other ancient surgical textbooks. Sabuncuoglu's special contributions and original remarks were investigated.
RESULTS
The surgical modifications, special contributions, and original remarks of Sabuncuoglu were as follows.
On the Cure of Hydrocephalus (Chapter 2)
Sabuncuoglu's instruments for incision and operation are modified forms of Zahravî's and ancient physicians' instruments. The scalpel he illustrates (Fig 1) for the incision is wider and has a sharp, pointed end. Instead of a cross-type incision, he used a special type (reversed T) incision as Zahravî did.
Sabuncuoglu was one of the earliest surgeons to use different drainage techniques and materials for neurosurgical procedures in paediatric cases. He stressed the danger of hemorrhage during neurosurgical operations and believed that contact of cerebrospinal fluid and blood was associated with a fatal outcome.
On the Incising of Ligament "Ribat" Below the Tongue. Which is an Impediment to Speech (Short Fremdum) (Chapter 34)
Sabuncuoglu uses the term "Ribat' as Zahravî to describe short fraenulum. He used a special lenticular cautery called "adesi daglagu" (Fig 2). He advocated a long postoperative drainage period for prevention of haematoma and infection.
On the Treatment of Boys Born With Imperforate Urinary Meatus or With the Meatus Small or Not in the Proper Place (Chapter 55)
In treatment of imperforate urinary meatus, a fine scalpel called a "mibza" was used (Fig 3). It differed from Zahravî's scalpel in that it was straighter. Sabuncuoglu used a tin sound with an intact lumen in paediatric urologic procedures in the postoperative period. Galen and Zahravî used leaden sounds with obliterated lumen.[6] However, Sabuncuoglu recommended a different method, which was to use a sound with a canal in it (like a tube) so that the patient can urinate through. In the treatment of urethral stenosis. Sabuncuoglu used a solid tin dilating tube and removed the tube after the dilating procedure.
In Sabuncuoglu's manuscript, the description and classification of hypospadias was more informative. In particular, the localization of urethral meatus was described in detail.
On Circumcision of Boys and Correction of Their Erroneous Treatment (Chapter 57)
Sabuncuoglu describes the use of bent scissors rather than the straight ones of Zahravî. He advises circumcision of the preputium by a single cut. For the correction of erroneous circumcisions performed by unqualified people practicing surgery, different repair methods are described by Sabuncuoglu.
On the Treatment of Hermaphroditism (Chapter 70)
Centuries ago. Paulus of Aeginae and Zahravî had already described genital ambiguities. But Sabuncuoglu made a detailed description and classification of the subject. He commented on the appearance of perineal region and clitoris.
On the Treatment of Unperformed Female Pudenda (Chapter 72)
Sabuncuoglu was the first to describe the classical position for gynaecologic examination. During manual division of the synechia between the two labiae, he covered the thumbs with special gauze to make the manipulation easy and not hurt the child. He recommended an oiled vaginal tampon for prevention of adhesions and recurrence. Paulus of Aegine provided the source for this anomaly. Celsus and Soraneus recommended using forceps and specula for this examination. For these types of procedures. Sabuncuoglu mentioned the importance of female physicians rather than the midwives favoured by Zahravî. Sabuncuoglu illustrated a "tabîbe" female physician operating on a patient.
On the Treatment of Superfluous Finger and the Separation of Webbed Fingers (Chapter 89)
Sabuncuoglu studied this subject under the title "yarligan" and "yincilmek" and used the special terms "artuk parmak" and "bitevi parmak." In the treatment of a superfluous finger arising at the root of a finger. Sabuncuoglu advised a twisting manoeuvre for amputation (a special technique). After the division of webbed fingers, special gauze soaked in rose oil was put between the fingers to prevent adhesions and recurrence. Sabuncuoglu was the first to advise placing a wooden splint under the palmer side after hand surgery for immobilization to enhance wound healing.
On the Treatment of Intestinal Hernia (Chapter 65)
Sabuncuoglu commented that hernias could be bilateral. He also gave a detailed description of the etiology, classification, and clinical types of inguinal hernias. He described a special drainage procedure for the scrotal pouch and a cauterisation technique for the drainage incision.
Imperforate Anus (Chapter 79)
In high anorectal atresia. Sabuncuoglu stressed intervention by a master surgeon rather than an inexperienced midwife to decrease the risks related with the levator muscle complex! Zahravî and Paul of Aeginea described this anomaly and gave some details of the procedure.
DISCUSSION
It was observed that the book of Serafeddin Sabuncuoglu, as claimed by others,[7] [8]contains not only pictures or miniatures of surgical and paediatric surgical procedures but also many important and major new contributions to the surgical literature originally described by Sabuncuoglu himself.[9] This historic book could also be accepted as the first paediatric surgical atlas. Its colourful, descriptive pictures of various operations and surgical instruments make it a significant piece of work. This important textbook combines knowledge of Greek. Roman. Arabic, and Turkish surgery and nourishes the basic concepts with Sabuncuoglu's original contributions on surgical procedures, postoperative care, and surgical instruments. Thus Greek Roman Arabic, and Turkish surgery combined extraordinarily and influenced the development of European surgery.
FIGURES
Fig 1. Incision and evacuation of hydrocephalus. Note the reversed T-type incision and wide and sharp pointed scalpel (no. 79, f. 48b; reprinted with permission from the Fatih National Library, Istanbul, Turkey).
Fig 2. Special lenticular cautery for the treatment of short frenulum (f. 72a; reprinted with permission from the Fatih National Library, Istanbul, Turkey).
Fig 3. Fine scalpels for the treatment of meatal stenosis. (A) From the manuscript in Fatih National Library, Istanbul, Turkey (f. 90a; reprinted with permission). (B) From the manuscript in Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, France.
Fig 4. Two types of scissors for circumcision (Fatih National Library, Istanbul, Turkey).
* From the Departments of Paediatric Surgery and History of Medicine. Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty. University of Istanbul. Istanbul. Turkey.
[1] Koker A H. Erdogan Y: Serafeddin Sabuncuoglu. Proceedings of the First Congress of Sabuncuoglu. Kayseri. Turkey. Erciyes University Publications. 1985. pp. 9-123; Numanoglu I: Cerrahiye-i Ilhaniye: The earliest known book containing paediatric surgical procedures. J Pediatr Surg 8:547-548, 1973; Numanoglu I: Cerrahiye-i Ilhaniye and paediatric surgery. Med Bull Ankara University, 26:841-850. 1974.
[2] Rosenfeld, B. A.-E. Ihsanoglu, Mathematicians, Astronomers and other Scholars of Islamic Civilisation and their works (7th -19th c.). Istanbul: Research Center for Islamic History, Art and Culture, 2003. p. 117.
[3] Montagnani CA: Paediatric surgery in Islamic medicine from the middle ages to the Renaissance. Prog Pediatr Surg 20:39-51. 1986.
[4] Spink MS. Lewis GL (eds): Albucasis: On surgery and Instruments. London. England. The Wellcome Institute of the Histroy of Medicine. 1973. pp 170-827.
[5] Sabuncuoalu S: Cerrahiye-i Ilhaniye. Paris. France. Bibliotheque National, Suppl Turc. 693 (2nd manuscript); Sabuncuoalu S: Cerrahiye-Ilhaniye. Istanbul. Turkey. Fatih National Library, no. 79 (1st manuscript); Sabuncuoglu Ilhaniye. Istanbul. Turkey. Capa Medical History Department. Istanbul University. (3rd manuscript).
[6] Montagnani CA: Paediatric surgery in Islamic medicine from the middle ages to the Renaissance. Prog Pediatr Surg 20:39-51. 1986; Spink MS. Lewis GL (eds): Albucasis: On surgery and Instruments. London. England. The Wellcome Institute of the Histroy of Medicine. 1973. pp 170-827.
[7] Montagnani CA: Paediatric surgery in Islamic medicine from the middle ages to the Renaissance. Prog Pediatr Surg 20:39-51. 1986.
[8] Huard P. Grmek MD: Le Premier Manuscript Chirurgical Turc. Paris. France. Les Editions Roger Dacosta. L960.
[9] Unver A.S.: Serafeddin Sabuncuoglu: Kitabul Cerrahiye-i Ilhanive (Cerrahname). Istanbul. T.C. I.U. Tip Tarihi Enstitusu. Adet 12: 870-1465, 1939.
