Islam and Science

Interrelations with Western Science

22. References

The following set of references correspond to the sections of the timeline in this temporal, geographical and disciplinary order:

• Muslims in Spain
• Muslims in Sicily and the Mediterranean Islands
• Muslims in Italy
• Nordic Muslim Relations
• Muslims in Britain
• Franco-Muslim Relations
• Muslims in Alpine Nations
• Muslims in Benelux Nations
• German-Muslim Contacts
• Converts, Corsairs, Renegades and Rebels (14th-20th Centuries)
• Monks, Historians, and Scholars
• Literary and Artistic Presence
• General References on Muslim history and Contacts with Western Europe

1. Muslims in Spain

Sections included: Conquest of Spain and Campaigns into France, Spain's Caliphate, Post Caliphal Spain through the Reconquista, The Last Muslim Power in Spain, Muslims in Iberian Peninsula After Granada's Fall

• Beevor, Anthony, The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939. 1982. New York: Penguin Books, 2001. [Information regarding the role of the Moroccan regulares in Franco's army may be found here].
• Burns, Robert I., "Immigrants from Islam: The Crusaders' Use of Muslims As Settlers in Thirteenth-Century Spain." The American Historical Review. 80.1 (February 1975): 21-42. [This article concerns the utilization of Muslim communities in Christian Spain during the Crusading periods of the 13th century].
• Eby, Cecil, Between the Bullet and the Lie: American Volunteers in the Spanish Civil War. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. 1969. [This book also discusses Moroccan troops in Franco's army, emphasis on conflicts with American troops].
• Estow, Clara. Pedro the Cruel of Castile 1350-1369. The Medieval Mediterranean 6. New York: E.J. Brill, 1995. [On Ibn Khaldun's presence in the Spanish Monarch's court].
• Fletcher, Richard A., The Barbarian Conversion From Paganism to Christianity. 1997. New York: Henry Holt, 1998.
• Fletcher, Richard A., The Quest for El Cid. 1989. New York Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990.
• Fletcher, Richard A., The Cross and the Crescent. New York: Viking, 2004 [These works focus prominently on Muslim-Christian relations in Spain and their context in Medieval history].
• Garcés, María Antonia, Cervantes in Algiers: A Captive's Tale. Nashville: Vanderbilt UP, 2002. This book contextualizes the influence of Cervantes' experience as a slave in his work as well as discusses the diversity of the North African states of the 16th century.
• Kamen, Henry, Empire: How Spain Became a World Power 1492-1763. 2002. New York: HarperCollins, 2003. [Kamen covers the plight of Spain's Muslim minority as the nation rose to become a colonial power].
• Lea, Henry Charles, The Moriscos of Spain. 1901. New York: Burt Franklin, 1968. [This book deals with the Muslim minority in Spain after the mass conversions to Christianity through the 17th century].
• Martens, Frederick H. "The Musical Observations of a Moroccan Ambassador (1690-1691)." The Musical Quarterly. 15.4 (1929): 574-582. [Includes the account of the Moroccan embassy to Spain at the end of the 17th century.
• Meadows, Ian. "The Arabs in Occitania." Aramco World. Mar-Apr 1993: 24-29. [This articles includes significant event to the Arabs early incursions into the Iberian peninsula and France].
• Newark, Tim. Warlords: Ancient, Celtic, Medieval. London: Arms and Armour, 1996. Newark mentions Muslim troops in the Hundred Years' War.
• Pike, Ruth. "Sevillian Society in the Sixteenth Century: Slaves and Freedmen." The Hispanic American Historical Review. 47.3. (1967): 344-359. [Explains the plight and position of Muslims after the fall of Granada].
• Scheen, Rolf. "Viking Raids on the Spanish Peninsula." Militaria: Magazine of Military Culture. Nº. 8, (1996): 67-88. [Discusses the causes and effects of the conflict in the Iberian Peninsula between the invading Vikings and the Muslim states].
• Powell, James M., ed. Muslims Under Latin Rule, 1100-1300. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1990. [This book covers the Muslim populations under Latin (Catholic) rule in various states of the Mediterranean and the Levant including Spain and the Fertile Crescent].

Muslims in Sicily and the Mediterranean Islands

Sections included: Early Incursions into Sicily and Other Mediterranean Islands, Muslim Sicily, Muslims in Non-Muslim Sicily, Mediterranean Islands after Sicilian Conquest.

• Ahmad, Aziz, A History of Islamic Sicily. Islamic Surveys 10. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1975. [A comprehensive work that provides an extensive history of Sicily from the beginning raids of Arabs through Norman administration including Muslim presence in Italy].
• Houben, Hubert, Roger II of Sicily: A Ruler between East and West. Trans. Graham Loud and Diane Milburn. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2002. Houben extensively reviews and analyzes the place of Sicily as a meeting point between the Muslim and Western worlds.
• Metcalfe, Alex, Muslims and Christians in Norman Sicily: Arabic speakers and the end of Islam. New York, London: RoutlegeCurzon, 2003. This book similarly provides a scrutiny of the Muslim presence in Norman Sicily.
• Zidan, Ahmad, The Rightly Guided Caliphs. Egypt: Islamic Inc. Publishing and Distributing, 1998. [Zidan includes campaigns of the Arabs into the Mediterranean during wars with the Byzantines under the first four Caliphs].

Muslims in Italy

• "Arrezo." Alloggio in Toscana. 1996. http://www.giostradelsaracino.arezzo.it. (last accessed 3 January 2008). [Explains the origins of the annual Saracen Tournament held in Arrezo, Italy].
• Brotton, Jerry, The Renaissance Bazaar: From the Silk Road to Michelangelo. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. [This book analyzes trade and cultural exchange between Italy and the Muslim world].
• Davis, Natalie Zemon, Trickster Travels: A Sixteenth Century Muslim Between Worlds. New York: Hill and Wang, 2006. [This book serves as a biography of the legacy of Leo Africanus and his impact in Europe, particularly the court of the Pope].
• Freely, John, Jem Sultan: The Adventures of a Captive Turkish Prince in Renaissance Europe. London: HarperCollines, 2004. [Dedicated to the life of the exiled prince in three continents].
• Mack, Rosamond E., Bazaar to Piazza. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002. [Evaluates the significance of Italian trade and relations with the Muslim world during the onset of the Renaissance in terms of politics and culture].
• Origo, Iris, "The Domestic Enemy: The Eastern Slaves in Tuscany in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries". Speculum. 30.3 (1955): 321-366. [This article provides a listing and description of the diversity of slaves of Muslim origin in Renaissance Italy].
• Rendina, Claudio. The Popes: Histories and Secrets. Trans. Paul D. McCusker. Santa Ana, California: Seven Locks, 2002. [This compilation of papal biographies includes significant events that Muslims took part in such as the sack of Rome].
• Strange, G. Le., ed. and trans., Don Juan of Persia: A Shi'ah Catholic 1560-1604. The Broadway Travellers. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1926. [This is the story of the Persian envoy that left his motherland and religion to stay in Europe].
• Taylor, Julie, Muslims in Medieval Italy: the Colony at Lucera. Lanham, Md: Lexington Books, 2003. [Dedicated to the little known Muslim colony on mainland Italy in the 13th century].

Nordic Muslim Relations

• Anwar, Muhammed, et al. State Policies Toward Muslim Minorities: Sweden, Great Britain, and Germany. Berlin: Edition Parabolis, 2004. < http://www.emz-berlin.de/projekte/pdf/MusPol_Buch.pdf > (last accessed 25 July 2007). [This article provides a history of Muslims in each nation and current status; included is Sweden's christening of Muslims in the 17th century].
• Haywood, John, The Encyclopedia of the Viking Age. New York: Thames and Hudson, 2000. [This book covers Viking contacts with the Muslim world both in Europe and Asia through diplomatic, commercial, and oppositional relations].
• Konstam, Angus, Historical Atlas of the Viking World. New York: Checkmark, 2002. [This book similarly devotes sections to the Viking relations with the realms of Islam].

Muslims in Britain

• Austin, Allan D., African Muslims in Antebellum America: Transaltantic Stories and Spiritual Struggles. New York: Routledge, 1997. [Austin provides a biographical sketch of Nicholas Said and his travels throughout the world as well as for Ayyub Bin Suleiman].
• Beattie, John M., The English Court in the Reign of George I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967. [This work discusses the slaves of Muslim descent in the court of King George].
• Blanch, Lesley, The Sabres of Paradise. New York: Viking Press, 1960. [This book mentions the role of English contacts with Imam Shamil and his struggle against Russia].
• Fisher, Michael H., The First Indian Author in English: Dean Mahomed (1759-1851) in India, Ireland and England. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1996. [Fisher writes of the life and signifance of Dean Mahomed].
• Hale, Willaim, Four Centuries of Turco-British Relations. North Humberside: The Eothen Press, 1984. [The work presents the impact on history of the relationship of the Ottoman Empire and England from the 1500s onwards].
• Hatton, Ragnhild, George I: Elector and King. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1978. [King George's two former Muslim slaves are discussed in this work].
• Koplow, David, Smallpox: The Fight to Eradicate a Global Scourge. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003. [This book mentions the Ottoman contribution to the development of inoculation and vaccination].
• Matar, Nabil, Islam in Britain, 1558-1685. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. [Matar analyzes both the political and cultural impact of Elizabethan England's contacts with the Muslim world primarily in North Africa and the Ottoman domains].
• Millar, Gilbert John, Tudor Mercenaries and Auxiliaries 1485-1547. Charlottesville: UP of Virginia, 1980. [Mentions the diversity of Mercenaries in Tudor armies including those from the Muslim world].
• Visram, Rozina, Asians in Britain 400 Years of History. London: Pluto, 2002. [Deals almost exclusively with the South Asian presence in Britain].
• Wansbrough, John, "A Mamluk Ambassador to Venice in 913/1507". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 26.3 (1963): 503-530. [Evaluates the exchange between Egypt and the Italian merchant states in the 16th century].

Franco-Muslim Relations

• Ali, Sheikh Jameil, Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Afghani and The West. New Delhi: Adam Publishers and Distributors, 2002. [As title states, the book concerns the reformer's role and significance in the West].
• Bamford, Paul Walden, "The Procurement of Oarsmen for French Galleys, 1660-1748". The American Historical Review. 65.1 (1959): 31-48. [Features the Turkish and North African prisoners in the French Galleys].
• Bimberg, Edward. The Moroccan Goums: Tribal Warriors in Modern War. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1999.
• "Augustin-Leon Guillaume's Goums in a Modern War." Military History Quarterly. Winter 2007. http://www.historynet.com/wars_conflicts/20_21_century/
  4644596.html?featured=y&c=y (last accessed 8 January 2008). [Dedicated to the battalion of Moroccan's serving the French army].
• Celik, Zeynep, Displaying the Orient. Comparative Studies on Muslim Societies 12. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992. [This work focuses on the significance and various themes of cultures of the Muslim world and European perception at the World's Fairs].
• Cooke, James J., Review of: Yousouf, Esclave, Mamelouk, et Général de L'Armée d'Afriqe, by Edmond Jouhaud, The International Journal of African Historical Studies. 16.2. (1983), pp. 369-370. [Book review of the story of the Mamluk who joined the French cause in the 19th century].
• Dempsey, Guy C., Napoleon's Mercenaries: Foreign Units in the French Army Under the Consulate and Empire, 1799-1814. London: Greenhill Books, 2002. [Napoleon's various Muslim troops, including the Mamluks and the Lithuanian Tatars, have sections regarding their battles and organization].
• Göçek, Fatma Müge. East Encounters West: France and the Ottoman Empire in the Eighteenth Century. New York: Oxford UP, 1987. This book reviews the cultural diffusion experienced between the two nations in the 18th century with emphasis on the Ottoman embassies to France in 1720.
• Herold, J. Christopher, Bonaparte in Egypt. New York: Harper And Row, 1962. [Bonaparte's expedition is the main focus of this work with ample space given to his controversial general Jacque "Abdullah" Menou].
• Hill, Richard Leslie and Peter Hogg, A Black Corps D'élite: An Egyptian Sudanese Conscript Battalion With the French Army in Mexico, 1863-1867, and Its Survivors in Subsequent African History. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State UP, 1995. [The little known story of the Sudanese troops loaned to the French for their battles in Mexico].
• Lunde, Paul, "A Turk at Versailles." Aramco World. Nov-Dec 1993: 30-39. [About the famous Ottoman ambassador to 18th century France].
• Merle, Robert, Ahmed Ben Bella, translated by Camilla Sykes. New York: Walker, 1967. [This book describes the role of the Algerian revolutionary and the significance of his life in Europe].
• Miller, Susan Gilson, Disorienting Encounters: Travels of a Moroccan Scholar in France in 1845-1846. Ed. and trans. Miller. Berkeley: California University Press, 1992. [This book provides the Moroccan envoy's account of travels in France].
• Pawly, Ronald, Napoleon's Mameluks. Oxford: Osprey Publishing Co., 2006. [This work covers the role of the Mamluk formation in Napoleon's forces].
• Rogers, J. A., World's Great Men of Color. Vol. 1. 1946. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996. [Included in this history are many famous African Muslims who made an impact on Europe such as Ziryab and Mouley Ismail].
• Watson, William E., Tricolor and Crescent: France and the Islamic World. Westport, Connecticut/London: Praeger, 2003. [This book deals with Franco-Muslim relations from the 8th century to the 20th including the implications of the Balfour declaration and other episodes of the modern political scene].

Muslims in Alpine Nations

• Davison, Michael Worth, ed., When Where Why and How It Happened. London: Reader's Digest, 1993. [The section regarding the 1683 siege of Vienna provides both the military and cultural relevance of the event].
• Wenner, Manfred W., "The Arab/Muslim Presence in Medieval Central Europe." International Journal of Middle East Studies. 12.1 (1980): 59-79. [This article provides sources and evidence of Muslim infiltration in Central Europe following the conquest of Spain].

Muslims in Benelux Nations

• "Excerpts from the Annual Register of 1769 on Smallpox Inoculation (80-86)." Moonstone Research & Publications. http://www.moonstonerp.com/Smallpox.htm (last accessed 9 January 2008). [This site provides sources for the influence of Middle East on the development of smallpox inoculation in Europe via letters of exchange by diplomats].
• Rath, Jan. et al., Western Europe and its Islam. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2001. [This book looks at the establishment of Muslim institutions all over Western Europe and the assimilation to the communities into mainstream].

German-Muslim Contacts

• Al-Murabit, Shaykh Abdalqadir. "Was Goethe a Muslim?" 1995. Islam the Modern Religion. http://www.themodernreligion.com/convert/
  convert_goethe.htm (last accessed 8 January 2008). [The article discusses Goethe's fascination and interest in the Muslim world].
• Anwar, Muhammed, et al. State Policies Toward Muslim Minorities: Sweden, Great Britain, and Germany. Berlin: Edition Parabolis, 2004. < http://www.emz-berlin.de/projekte/pdf/MusPol_Buch.pdf> (last accessed 8 January 2008). [Provides a history of Muslims in Germany including the first cemetery, soldiers in the forces of Frederick, and World War I POWs. The article provides numerous sources and histories of early Islamic communities and institutions in the three nations].
• Avetaranian, Johannes and Richard Schafer. A Muslim Who Became a Christian: The Story of Johannes Avetaranian. Translated by John Bechard. Hertford, England: Authors Online Ltd., 2003. [This is the story of the Christian convert from Islam who became a missionary].
• Herrmann, Paul. Conquest by Man. Trans. Michael Bullock. New York: Harper, 1954. [This book mentions the travels of Ibrahim ibn Yaqub throughout Europe].
• Mitford, Nancy, Frederick the Great. New York: Harper and Row, 1970. [Mitford mentions the presence of Muslim soldiers in the forces of Frederick].
• Munoz, Antonio J., ed., The East Came West: Muslim, Hindu, and Buddhist Volunteers in the German Armed Forces 1941-1945. Bayside, New York: Axis Europa, 2001. [This study presents the place in World War II of the Eastern troops in the German military].
• Sayyida Salme/Emily Ruete, An Arabian Princess between Two Worlds. Memoirs, Letters Home, Sequels to the Memoirs, Syrian Customs and Usages. E. VAN DONZEL and Ulrich Haarmann, eds., Leiden: E.J. Brill. 1993. [This includes the history and autobiography of the East African princess who converted to Christianity and went to Europe].

Converts, Corsairs, Renegades and Rebels (14th-20th Centuries)

• Badia, Lola, "Turmeda, Anselm." Medieval Iberia An Encyclopedia. New York: Routledge, 2003. This article is about the monk who converted to Islam and moved to the Middle East.
• Kobak, Annette, Isabelle: The Life of Isabelle Eberhardt. New York: Knopf, 1989. [This biography tells the story of the life of the unorthodox European woman who fell in love with Muslim world].
• Lunde, Paul. "Muslims and Muslim Technology in the New World." Aramco World. May-June 1992: 38-41. [The story of Amir Cighala in the New World is featured here].
• Nielsen, Jorgen, Muslims in Western Europe. 2nd Edition. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1995. [This work anaylzes the Muslim presence in Western Europe including some notable European converts to Islam].
• Várdy, Steven Béla, Historical Dictionary of Hungary. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1997. [The biography of Jozef Bem is included here].
• Wilson, Peter Lamborn. Pirate Utopias: Moorish Corsairs and European Renegadoes. Revised edition. Brooklyn, New York: Autonomedia, 2003. [This work includes the bulk of the information regarding European corsairs who went to North African and converted to Islam. Included in this book is a chapter on Anthony van Sale, son of corsair Jan Janz, who help found Brooklyn].

Monks, Historians, and Scholars

• Bennet, Clinton, In Search of Muhammad. London: Cassell, 1996. [Provides an extensive listing and information regarding various works scholarly and artistic in the west regarding the prophet Muhammad].
• Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. Science and Civilization in Islam. 1968. New York: Barnes and Noble Books, 1992. [This work covers and analyzes the contributions of Muslim scholars to the world].
• Reeves, Minou. Muhammad in Europe. New York: New York University Press, 2000. [Reeves' work recounts the history of perception of Islam's prophet in Christian Europe including early writing of clergymen and famous literature].
• Thompson, James Westfall. "The Introduction of Arabic Science into Lorraine in the Tenth Century." Isis 12.2 (1929): 184-193). [Discusses the means by which Arabic scholarship diffused into Europe during the medieval era].

Literary and Artistic Presence

• Bishop, Clifford. Sex and Spirit: An Illustrated Guide to Sacred Sexuality. 1996. Berkeley, CA: Ulysses, 2000. [A survey which includes a section regarding courtly love and the Muslim world].
• Burton, Jonathan. Traffic and Turning: Islam and English Drama, 1579-1624. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2005. [Provides insight and analysis into the Muslims themes of 16th and 17th century English theater].
• Ewen, David. Encyclopedia of the Opera. 2nd edition. New York: Hill and Wang, 1963. [Includes many of the operas that feature some theme regarding the Muslim world].
• Meyer, Eve R. "Turquerie and Eighteenth-Century Music". Eighteenth-Century Studies. 7.4 (1974): 474-488. [This work revolves around the popular Ottoman themes in culture and music that became popular in 18th century Europe].
• Olschki, Leonardo. "Asiatic Exoticism in Italian Art of the Early Renaissance". The Art Bulletin. 26.2 (1944): 95-106. [Evaluates some Muslim arts forms and themes in early Italian renaissance work].
• Noble, Graham, "The Life and Death of the Terrible Turk". Journal of Manly Arts. May 2001. http://ejmas.com/jmanly/articles/2001/
  jmanlyart_noble_0501.htm (last accessed 8 January 2008).
• Noble, Graham, "The Lion of the Punjab. Parts 1-IV." InYo: Journal of Alternative Perspectives. May-Aug 2002.
• http://ejmas.com/jalt/jaltart_noble_0502.htm (last accessed 8 January 2008). [This work focuses on the careers of famous Muslim professional wrestlers and their cultural implication at the turn of the 20th century].
• Palacios, Miguel Asin, Islam and the Divine Comedy. 1926. Trans. Harold Sutherland. London: Frank Cass and Co., Ltd., 1968. [Palacios evaluates the significance of Muslim sources on Dante's classic work].
• Parkinson, C. Northcote, East and West. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1963. [Reviews the cultural cross-fertilization of Muslim and Western Worlds with a significant analysis of the contribution of the Arabs to romance poetry].
• Stevens, Mary Anne, ed., The Orientalists: Delacroix to Matisse. The Allure of North Africa and the Near East. Washington, DC : National Gallery of Art, 1984. [This work provides a brief background into the famous works that depicted and seared certain images of the Muslim world into the imagination of Europe].
• Sussman, Norman, "Sex and Sexuality in History." The Sexual Experience. Eds. Benjamin Sadock, Harold Kaplan, Alfred Freedman. Baltimore:Williams and Wilkins, 1976. [Mentions courtly love in the Muslim and Western worlds].
• Vitkus, Daniel, Turning Turk: English Theater and the Multicultural Mediterranean,1570-1630. New York: Palgrave Macmillian, 2003. [Analyzes the significance of the concept of "Turning Turk" in a politico-cultural respect].
• Williams, Henry Llewelleyn, Poems of Victor Hugo. President Publishing Company: NewYork, no date given. [This book includes the poems revolving around Muslims themes and settings by the famous poet].

General References on Muslim history and Contacts with Western Europe

• Ahmad, K. J., Hundred Great Muslims. Chicago: Library of Islam, 1987. [This work profiles the lives of various Muslim individuals —scholars, statesmen, soldiers, and artists— who have made significant impacts in history].
• Ali, Ameer, A Short History of the Saracens. 1889. London: Macmillan, 1961. [The global legacy of the Arabs is featured in this exhaustive work of their history].
• Armstrong, Karen, Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet. Harper: San Franscisco, 1992. [Perceptions of Islam's prophet in both Western and Muslim eyes are presented here].
• Babinger, Franz, Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time. Ed. William C. Hickman. Tr. Ralph Manheim. Boolingen Series 96. 1978. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1992. [This biography includes extensive sections regarding the Ottoman's sultans relations with Europe including German, Italian, and Eastern European contacts].
• Bosworth, Clifford Edmund, The Islamic Dynasties. Islamic Surveys 5. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1967. [This book lists the famous (and infamous) rulers of the various regimes and ruling family lines of the Muslim world].
• Cardini, Franco. Europe and Islam. Trans. Caroline Beamish. Oxford: Blacwell, 2001. [This book covers much of Muslim history in Europe from Arab waves through Ottoman expansion and beyond].
• Cleveland, William L., A History of the Modern Middle East. 3rd ed. Boulder, Colorado: Westview, 2004. [Cleveland provides a history of the Middle East and its contacts and involvement of the West in the last couple centuries].
• Crespi, Gabriele, The Arabs in Europe. Trans. 1979. New York: Rizzoli, 1986. [This work offers a history of the Arabs throughout Western Europe including France, Sicily, and Spain during the rise and peaks of power].
• Dupuy, R. Ernest and Trevor Dupuy, The Encyclopedia of Military History. Revised Ed. New York: Harper and Row, 1977. [This is an exhaustive work on the global history of warfare including both renowned and less-well known battles involving Muslims and Europe; this also includes analysis of significant battles in world history and their impact (i.e Tours in 733)].
• Esposito, John L., ed., The Oxford History of Islam. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. [A wide range of scholars contribute a wealth of information regarding the legacy and history of Muslims throughout the world].
• Goodwin, Jason, Lords of the Horizon: A History of the Ottoman Empire. 1998. London: Vintage, 1999. [This overview places the Ottomans in the context of world history describing both well known and little-known information regarding the Empire. The book frequently brings to light the dynamics of foreign relations with other nations (Europe and USA) and cultural diffusion experienced on both sides of the exchange].
• Goody, Jack, Islam in Europe. Cambridge: Polity, 2004. [This work describes and analyzes various instances in the historical experience of Muslims in Europe].
• Grunebaum, G.E. von, Classical Islam: A History 600-1258. 1970. New York: Barnes And Noble, 1996. [This book encompasses Muslim history in terms of administration in certain states of Western Europe (Spain and Sicily) as well as reviewing the impact of the legacy of the Arabs during the height of cultural power in the Middle Ages].
• Hasan, Masudul, History of Islam. 2 vol. Revised ed. Shandar Market, Chitli Qabar, Delhi: Adam, 2000. [Encyclopediac work that covers all of Muslim history in 2 volumes typically through the impact of significant regimes, movements, and individuals].
• Hitti, Philip, Islam and the West: A Historical Cultural Survey. Princeton: D. Van Nostrand,1962.
• Hitti, Philip, History of the Arabs. 8th ed. New York: St. Martin's, 1963. [These two works evaluate and analyze the history of Muslims in contacts with the West in the first book and as a comprehensive legacy and past in the latter].
• Malik, Iftikhar H., Islam and Modernity. Critical Studies on Islam. London: Pluto, 2004. [This book covers a wide range of topics regarding Muslim experience in Europe from al-Andalus to the Rushdie affair].
• Mahmud, S. F., The Story of Islam. 1959. London: Oxford University Press, 1960. [A comprehensive work primarily focusing on Muslim history in the Middle East and India with numerous sections devoted to scholars and scientists who contributed to both the Muslim and Western worlds].
• Palmer, Alan, The Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire. 1992. New York: BarnesAnd Noble Books, 1994. [Palmer analyzes the politico-cultural role of the Ottomans in the conscious of Europe].
• Reinaud, Joseph Toussaint, Muslim Colonies in France, Northern Italy and Switzerland. Trans. Haroon Khan Sherwani. 2nd ed. Lahore: Sh. Muhammad Ashraf, 1964. [This work encompasses Muslim activities in the Alpine Nations, Italy, and France including the conquest of Switzerland, bases in Italy, and extensions of Spanish campaigns].
• Sertima, Ivan Van, ed., African Presence in Early Europe. 1985. New Brunswick: Transaction Press, 1990.
• Sertima, Ivan Van, ed. Golden Age of the Moor. New Brunswick: Transaction Press, 1992. [These works in vindicationalist history bring to light the very significant contributions of Muslims (generally centered around Africa) to Europe in the Middle Ages into more modern times].
• Tomes, Jason Hunter. King Zog of Albania: Europe's Self-Made Muslim Monarch. New York: New York UP, 2003. [This biography includes the exiled monarch's travels throughout Europe]
• Vertovec, Steven and Ceri Peach Eds. Islam in Europe: The Politics of Religion and Community. New York: St. Martin's, 1997.
• Zahoor, Akram, Muslim History 570-1950. Gaithersburg, Marlyand: AZP Akram Zahoor, 2000. [This work is a timeline that covers the entire span of Muslim history chronologically all over the world].

Table of contents

by: Omar Mubaidin, Tue 19 February, 2008